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Historical Archive: Stools and utilitarian backless chairs In the Index of Objects depicted, see chairs, footstools, and thrones. Representations following surviving examples. Stool, oak, 15th c. northern Europe, AIC 1984.78 Ebih-Il, Superintendent of Mari, from temple of Ishtar: gypsum, lapis lazuli, shell, c.2400 BCE; Louvre AO 17551. For additional views see Ancient Near East. Akhenaten, Nefertiti, 3 daughters, limestone, c.1345 BCE, SMB EgMP ÄM 14145, which has its own page woman spinning from Susa, bitumen, 8th-mid 6th c. BCE, Louvre Sb 2834 boy with stool and aryballos: Exekias, black-figure amphora with Ajax and Achilles, c.540-30 BCE, Vat 16757. This work has its own page. painted sarcophagus from Crimea, late 1st/early 2nd c., Hermitage П.1899-81, which has its own page blacksmith shop from area of Beligna, late 1st-early 2nd century, limestone, ANAM. For detail see ANAM. marble gravestone fr. Crimea Chersonesus, 2nd-3rd c. with 6th c. Greek inscription, Hermitage Х-1039. For oblique view see Hermitage. Shepherd sarcophagus from Via Salaria, Rome, c.250-75, Vat 31540. This work has its own page. Passion sarcophagus, marble, c.350 CE, Vat 31525. This work has its own page. Passion/tree sarcophagus: Cain and Abel, arrest of Peter, triumphant cross, arrest of Paul, Job; marble, Rome c.360, Vat 28591. For more images see Vatican Museums. ivory pyxis: cross and Annunciation, 6th c. provincial Byzantine (Ravenna?), CMA 1951.114. For other sides of this object see Pyxides. Muses diptych, 5th c., Louvre LP 1264. For full panels and other details see Louvre. Visitation and Annunciation to Anna, panels from an ivory diptych, Syria 6th c., Hermitage Abraham and Isaac, limestone relief, 6th to 7th c., Pushkin Cathedra of Maximian, ivory, 546-56, RavArchMus, which has its own page Veroli Casket, ivory and bone, mid to late 10th c., V&A 216-1865. This work has its own page. Annunciation, Bernward Doors, bronze, Hildesheim 1007-15. This work has its own page with another stool. begging stool: Bernward Column, Hildesheim, c. 1020, bronze, which has its own page with backless chairs/thrones. Sainte Chasse, 12th c. Byzantine ivory, Sens CT 143, which has its own page with more stools Alexander casket, Byzantine ivory, prob. 12th c., poss. 6th or 9th c., Darmstadt Kg 54:215a-d, which has its own page Novgorod cathedral doors, bronze, prob. 1152-54. The doors have their own page with another stool. Massacre of the Innocents: Pisa Cathedral doors, bronze, Bonannus of Pisa c.1180. This work has its own page with more stools. begging stools/hand-trestles: Bonaventura Berlinghieri 1235, St. Francis, which has its own page ivory mirror case with chess game, Paris c.1300, V&A 803-1891. This work has its own page. folding stool in the form of a lion throne: seal imprint of King Philippe IV le Bel of France, c.1300, Cl. 22297, Cluny: Louvre OA 6301. For full cords see Cluny. Mocking of Christ, Passion ivory, Paris, 1st half of 14th c., MAAB. This object has its own page. plenary of Otto the Mild, 1339 reusing chessboard 1300-30, KGM W 32, which has its own page with another stool/chair backless throne or stool: Life of St. Martin of Tours, embroidered altar frontal, 2nd half of 14th c., MRAH. This work has its own page. Arca di Sant' Agostino, 1362-aft. 1409, San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, Pavia. This work has its own page. Arca di Sant' Agostino, 1362-aft. 1409, San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, Pavia. This work has its own page. Abraham: Baptistery, cathedral of Padua, 1376 frescoes: Giusto de' Menabuoi. This work has its own pages. Joseph sitting on stool: Annunciation and Expulsion, Giovanni di Paolo, tempera on panel c. 1435, NGA 1939.1.223. This work has its own page. Rogier van der Weyden, St. Luke drawing the Virgin, oil transferred to canvas c.1435-40s, Hermitage ГЭ-419. For view with person for scale see Hermitage. Khutyn epitaphios, taffeta with gold/silver/silk embroidery, mid 15th c., workshop of Archbishop Euthymius/Euphemius II (1429–1459), Novgorod AM. For more views with another stool see Novgorod. Life of Mary polyptych from Hamburg cathedral, Absolon Stumme 1499, MNW Śr. 432. This work has its own page. oak chest with Last Supper, 16th c., Hospice Comtesse Lille A.178. This work has its own page. Cross fr. Red Field Monastery, wood, c.1500-50, which has its own page, Novgorod AM Circumcision, 17th-c. marble relief in St. Séverin, Paris, which has its own page.